Tiktok一定要要死？
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赶尽杀绝！ 美国当地时间8月3日，特朗普在白宫记者会上再一次对TikTok下了最后的“通缉令”，称TikTok一定要在9月15日前卖给美国公司，否则TikTok公司就将关门大吉。 除此之外，特朗普还提出了一个极为不要脸的要求，那就是美国政府应当吃到这比交易的回扣，由于在特朗普看来是美国政府促进了这次交易！
如此不要脸的行动，这个世界上相信除特朗普其他人或许很难再说得出一样恶心的话了！ 壹 说到TikTok很多人应当其实不陌生，实际上他就等因而短视频利用“抖音”的国外版。 和国内的抖音一样，TikTok上也有很多有趣的生活藐视频，也有很多美女、美食、美景，总之除用户都是外国人，其内容和国内的抖音都大相径庭。 
比如说，在TikTok最火的一名用户是一名叫做查莉·达梅利奥的美国社交媒体红人，通俗点说，查莉就是一个在TikTok上的舞蹈主播，在他的主页里，基本上都是在用舞蹈在记录自己的生活。而凭仗甜蜜的长相与曼妙的舞姿，查莉从2019年开始在TikTok上迅速走红，收获了无数的粉丝。 
截至目前，查莉在TikTok上所积累的粉丝数已到达了7590万，成了TikTok粉丝人数排行榜中的冠军。也是因此，查莉的每一个短视频常常都会取得网友数以百万的点赞。 
所以，说白了TikTok也就是一个唱唱歌，跳舞蹈的短视频平台。但就是这么一个唱歌舞蹈的短视频平台却被特朗普这个美国大总统利用自己的行政令封禁了！如今更是强买强卖要求TikTok一定要卖给美国的公司，否则就马上封杀！ 而在这一系列的操作背后特朗普也给出了一个堂而皇之，看起来还有点弄笑的理由，那就是：TikTok要挟的美国的国家安全！！！ 是的，你没有看错，唱歌舞蹈也能要挟美国国家安全了，难道是特朗普每天刷的太多，忘记处理美国疫情，致使美国安全受损了？ 所以，或那句话，欲加上罪何患无词。不能不吐槽，特朗普这次对TikTok封杀的吃相实在是太难看了一些！ 贰 那末问题来了，特朗普究竟是为了甚么费这么大的劲来对付这个唱歌舞蹈的小软件？ 第一，TikTok流量太大了，触犯到了美国本土社交软件的利益！ 正如我们前面所提到的TikTok上最火的社交红人查莉，她目前在TikTok已收获了7590万粉丝。 但要知道TikTok其实不是她唯一的社交平台，在很多美国传统的社交网络上，比如说Instagram、YouTube、Twitter上查莉都开通了自己的账号，并上传了相同的内容。但在这些美国传统的社交网络上，查莉粉丝最多的一个Instagram上粉丝也才唯一2010万，而在Twitter上查莉的粉丝还不及220万！ 所以，从这里面可以看出，TikTok如今在各个美国的社交网络平台上的流量已成了数一数二的存在，每天都有大量的美国用户聚集在TikTok上。 固然，这一点从美国利用软件的下载榜单上就能够看出来，TikTok已击败了众多美国本土社交软件连续好几个月霸占在了榜首的位置！ 
我们都知道对互联网企业来讲流量一直都是相当重要的存在，你就多少流量就具有多大的变现方式。而随着TikTok在美国的逐步壮大，乃至开始蚕食美国本土的这些互联网社交平台的流量时，自然就被盯上了。 实际上就和当初美国打压华为也是一个道理，那就是你的5G技术发展的太快了，而我本土的市场都被你侵占了，所以我美国就一定要弄你。 如果说TikTok蚕食了美国本土社交软件很多流量的话，那末Facebook绝对是最大的“受害者”之一。为了与TikTok竞争流量Facebook还曾抄袭了TikTok的模式开发了两款名为Lasso和Reels的短视频社交软件，但终究都双双殒落了！ 别忘记一件事，那就是Facebook的开创人扎克伯格是犹太人的后裔，所以他们与生俱来都有一种要强的性情，那就是一定要赢。特别是在商业上，一切都是利益为先，只要能赚钱，甚么手段都可以用。 我们中国人常说的一句俗话就是“强龙难压地头蛇”，说到底TikTok或一家来自中国的企业，并且在美国运营。所以虽然商业上正面竞争不怕谁，但背地里或怕地头蛇的。 那谁是这个地头蛇？自然就是Facebook的扎克伯格了。从去年起，扎克伯克就开始频繁的接触一些共和党的政要人士，这类商人与美国的政要之间频繁的会面，其背后肯定有不可告人的交易，而至于交易的是甚么谁也不知道，但可以知道的，扎克伯格的态度确切转变了。 
比如说，在几天前美国反垄断听证会召集了美国四大巨头Facebook、苹果、谷歌、亚马逊主要负责人开反垄断听证会时，在被问到“是否是认为中国盗取了美国技术”的问题时，只有扎克伯格一人称“中国盗取了美国的技术”。不但如此，在听证会上扎克伯格还屡次提到TikTok，并罗列了一些问题甩锅给了TikTok。 
所以，说到这里，不用多说双方交易的大概大家都懂了吧！ 首先，对特朗普来讲当前最重要的是甚么？一定是行将到来的选举，那末选举中作为美国有史以来以社交网络治国的第一人，社交网络的舆论一定会第一个影响到特朗普的选举结果，而Facebook本身就是一个极大的社交舆论场，因此在选举期间有效的监控将对选举结果产生很大的影响，所以特朗普这时候需要扎克伯格不用多说。 其次，刚才也说了，既然正面玩不过TikTok，那末就在背地里玩，怎样玩呢？很明显，交给特朗普解决就好了，封杀了就好了呗。 所以，这次特朗普之所以要封杀TikTok很大一个缘由之一就是TikTok触犯了美国本地的社交平台巨头！ 第二，正如前面所说，特朗普想要连任就要控制舆论走向。很明显的是TikTok已然构成了一个庞大的舆论场，因此特朗普一定要管控它。但问题来了，和Facebook不一样，TikTok是一家来自中国的公司，其实不好管控，所以如何解决呢？很简单，直接封杀！ 在TikTok这个大舆论场下，特朗普已吃过一次亏了！ 我们之前的文章中写过，在今年的6月份特朗普曾为自己能够连任在美国的俄克拉荷马州弄了一次选举会来帮自己拉票。 当时，这个竞选会的100多万张门票很快就一售而空。因此，还让特朗普感到了小自豪，忙着在自己的推特发文夸耀称：“会有人难以置信的，或许是创纪录的票数。“ 不能不说，特朗普这次确切牛逼了一把，人气确切颇高啊。但特朗普怎样也不会想要接下来产生的这一切让他巴不得找个洞立马钻下去！ 就是竞选会当天，100多万售出的门票中到场的只有6000多人，也就是说特朗普被放鸽子了！ 
而特朗普之所以会被放鸽子，是由于这个事情本身就是很多人在TikTok上策划的一波恶弄，为了戏弄特朗普他们发起了故意猛刷门票的策划，狠狠的摆了特朗普一道！ 而被放了鸽子的特朗普明显因此勃然大怒了，在当天结束后乘直升机回白宫的路上特朗普全程垂头丧气，一言不发！ 
而和卡里姆·拉哈马一样，常常吐槽特朗普的主播在TikTok上也常常常见！所以，面对这些TikTok上众多对自己竞选不利的言论，你说特朗普气不气？你说特朗普封不封杀TikTok？ 可能，这就是美国人所谓的“言论自由”吧！ 叁 美国人真的应当收起自己的优越感了！ 任何事物的发展到最后都不是靠手段和谎言能取胜的，关键或在于实力！不管是华为的5G，或TikTok在短视频领域的领先都是既定的事实。虽然美国政府一味的采取手段打压，但事实终究都是胜于雄辩的！ 你看，自特朗普宣布要封杀TikTok后，特朗普就收到了一封来自TikTok大V们的联名信。在该信中，TikTok的用户们集体上书特朗普称称TikTok完成了Facebook、INS等传统社交媒体数年来都没有实现的互动，其信中还写到希望特朗普政府可以把TikTok的问题交给资本谈判解决，而不是通过国家层面进行干预。 
所以，如果特朗普仍旧一意孤行，刻意针对中国，肆意打压中国企业，那末其终将被市场、被自己的民众所唾弃、反噬！ 醒醒吧，特朗普！ 169. Don't let yesterday use up too much of today. 别纪念昨天了，掌控好今天吧。(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one w ill back you up. 你不英勇，没人替你坚强。171. If you don't build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. 如果你没有梦想，那末你只能为他人的梦想打工。172. Beauty is all around, if you 在乎的那些结根本算不了甚么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功关键都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 开心一点吧，管它会怎样。185. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow. 今天的好计划胜过明天的完善计划。186. Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'! 一切皆有可能！“不可能”的意思是：“不，可能。”(奥黛丽·赫本) 187. Life isn't fair, but no matter your circumstances, you have to give it your all. 生活是不公平的，不管你的境遇如何，你只能全力以赴。188. No matter how hard it is, just keep going because you only fail when you give up. 不管多么艰巨，都要继续前进，由于只有你放弃的那一刻，你才输了。When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II, he made a wager with his crewmates. They had arrived in San Francisco, where their ship was decommissioned, and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks. He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean. But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian, a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants. It was the fact that he and his friends had a car, unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening. Ten days later, in March 1946, Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager. It would turn out to be a happy marriage, one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later. Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised on a dairy farm in Germantown, Wisconsin. Even though his father was an alcoholic and sometimes abusive, Paul ended up with a gentle and calm disposition under his leathery exterior. After dropping out of high mechanic until, at age nineteen, he joined the Coast Guard, even though he didn’t know how to swim. He was deployed on the USS General M. C. Meigs and spent much of the war ferrying troops to Italy for General Patton. His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations, but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman. Clara was born in New Jersey, where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia, and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child. She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone: She had been married before, but her husband had been killed in the war. So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date, she was primed to start a new life. Clara, however, loved San Francisco, and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there. They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific, just south of Golden Gate Park, and he took a job working for a finance company as a “repo man,” picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them. He also bought, repaired, and sold some of the cars, making a decent enough living in the process. There was, however, something missing in their lives. They wanted children, but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus, and she had been unable to have any. So by 1955, after nine years of marriage, they were looking to adopt a child. Like Paul Jobs, Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage. Her father, Arthur Schieble, had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay, where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses, including real estate and photoengraving. He was very strict, especially regarding his daughter’s relationships, and he had strongly disapproved of her first love, an artist who was not a Catholic. Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when, as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she fell in love with Abdulfattah “John” Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria. Jandali was the youngest of nine children in a prominent Syrian family. His father owned oil refineries and multiple other businesses, with large holdings in Damascus and Homs, and at one point pretty much controlled the price of wheat in the region. His mother, he later said, was a “traditional Muslim woman” who was a “conservative, obedient housewife.” Like the Schieble family, the Jandalis put a premium on education. Abdulfattah was sent to a Jesuit boarding school, even though he was Muslim, and he got an undergraduate degree at the American University in Beirut before entering the University of Wisconsin to pursue a doctoral degree in political science. In the summer of 1954, Joanne went with Abdulfattah to Syria. They spent two months in Homs, where she learned from his family to cook Syrian dishes. When they returned to Wisconsin she discovered that she was pregnant. They were both twenty-three, but they decided not to get married. Her father was dying at the time, and he had threatened to disown her if she wed Abdulfattah. Nor was abortion an easy option in a small Catholic community. So in early 1955, Joanne traveled to San Francisco, where she was taken into the care of a kindly doctor who sheltered unwed mothers, delivered their babies, and quietly arranged closed adoptions. Joanne had one requirement: Her child must be adopted by college graduates. So the doctor arranged for the baby to be placed with a lawyer and his wife. But when a boy was born—on February 24, 1955—the designated couple decided that they wanted a girl and backed out. Thus it was that the boy became the son not of a lawyer but of a high school dropout with a passion for mechanics and his salt-of-the-earth wife who was working as a bookkeeper. Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs. When Joanne found out that her baby had been placed with a couple who had not even graduated from high school, she refused to sign the adoption papers. The standoff lasted weeks, even after the baby had settled into the Jobs household. Eventually Joanne relented, with the stipulation that the couple promise—indeed sign a pledge—to fund a savings account to pay for the boy’s college education. There was another reason that Joanne was balky about signing the adoption papers. Her father was about to die, and she planned to marry Jandali soon after. She held out hope, she would later tell family members, sometimes tearing up at the memory, that once they were married, she could get their 别让梦想只停留在梦里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 没有笑声的一天是浪费了的一天。(卓别林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，见的世面多了，你会发现原来在乎的那些结根本算不了甚么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功关键都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 开心一点吧，管它会怎样。baby boy back. Arthur Schieble died in August 1955, after the adoption was finalized. Just after Christmas that year, Joanne and Abdulfattah were married in St. Philip the Apostle Catholic Church in Green Bay. He got his PhD in international politics the next year, and then they had another child, a girl named Mona. After she and Jandali divorced in 1962, Joanne embarked on a dreamy and peripatetic life that her daughter, who grew up to become the acclaimed novelist Mona Simpson, would capture in her book Anywhere but Here. Because Steve’s adoption had been closed, it would be twenty years before they would all find each other. Steve Jobs knew from an early age that he was adopted. “My parents were very open with me about that,” he recalled. He had a vivid memory of sitting on the lawn of his house, when he was six or seven years old, telling the girl who lived across the street. “So does that mean your real parents didn’t want you?” the girl asked. “Lightning bolts went off in my head,” according to Jobs. “I remember running into the house, crying. And my parents said, ‘No, you have to understand.’ They were very serious and looked me straight in the eye. They said, ‘We specifically picked you out.’ Both of my parents said that and repeated it slowly for me. And they put an emphasis on every word in that sentence.” Abandoned. Chosen. Special. Those concepts became part of who Jobs was and how he regarded himself. His closest friends think that the knowledge that he was given up at birth left some scars. “I think his desire for complete control of whatever he makes derives directly from his personality and the fact that he was abandoned at birth,” said one longtime colleague, Del Yocam. “He wants to control his environment, and he sees the product as an extension of himself.” Greg Calhoun, who became close to Jobs right after college, saw another effect. “Steve talked to me a lot about being abandoned and the pain that caused,” he said. “It made him independent. He followed the beat of a different drummer, and that came from being in a different world than he was born into.” Later in life, when he was the same age his biological father had been when he abandoned him, Jobs would father and abandon a child of his own. (He eventually took responsibility for her.) Chrisann Brennan, the mother of that child, said that being put up for adoption left Jobs “full of broken glass,” and it helps to explain some of his behavior. “He who is abandoned is an abandoner,” she said. Andy Hertzfeld, who worked with Jobs at Apple in the early 1980s, is among the few who remained close to both Brennan and Jobs. “The key question about Steve is why he can’t control himself at times from being so reflexively cruel and harmful to some people,” he said. “That goes back to being abandoned at birth. The real underlying problem was the theme of abandonment in Steve’s life.” Jobs dismissed this. “There’s some notion that because I was abandoned, I worked very hard so I could do well and make my parents wish they had me back, or some such nonsense, but that’s ridiculous,” he insisted. “Knowing I was adopted may have made me feel more independent, but I have never felt abandoned. I’ve always felt special. My parents made me feel special.” He would later bristle whenever anyone referred to Paul and Clara Jobs as his “adoptive” parents or implied that they were not his “real” parents. “They were my parents 1,000%,” he said. When speaking about his biological parents, on the other hand, he was curt: “They were my sperm and egg bank. That’s not harsh, it’s just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more.” Silicon Valley The childhood that Paul and Clara Jobs created for their new son was, in many ways, a stereotype of the late 1950s. When Steve was two they adopted a girl they named Patty, and three years later they moved to a tract house in the suburbs. The finance company where Paul worked as a repo man, CIT, had transferred him down to its Palo Alto office, but he could not afford to live there, so they landed in a subdivision in Mountain View, a less expensive town just to the south. There Paul tried to pass along his love of mechanics and cars. “Steve, this is your workbench now,” he said as he marked off a section of the table in their garage. Jobs remembered being impressed by his father’s focus on craftsmanship. “I thought my dad’s sense of design was pretty good,” he said, “because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him.” Fifty years later the fence still surrounds the back and side yards of the house in Mountain View. As Jobs showed it off to me, he caressed the stockade panels and recalled a lesson that his father implanted deeply in him. It was important, his father said, to craft the backs of cabinets and fences properly, even though they were hidden. “He loved doing things right. He even cared about the look of the parts you couldn’t see.” His father continued to refurbish and resell used cars, and he festooned the garage with pictures of his favorites. He would point out the detailing of the design to his son: the lines, the vents, the chrome, the trim of the seats. After work each day, he would change into his dungarees and retreat to the garage, often with Steve tagging along. “I figured I could get him nailed down with a little mechanical ability, but he really wasn’t interested in getting his hands dirty,” Paul later recalled. “He never really cared too much about m189. It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness. 你一定要十分努力，才能看起来绝不费力。190. Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep your balance,you must keep moving. 人生就像骑单车，只有不断前进，才能保持平衡。(爱因斯坦) 191. Be thankful for what you have.You'll end up having more. 具有一颗感恩的心，终究你会得到更多。192. Beauty is how you feel inside, and it reflects in your eyes. 美是一种内心的感觉，并反应在你的眼睛里。(索菲亚·罗兰) 193. Friendship doubles your joys, and divides your sorrows. 朋友的作用，就是让你快乐加倍，痛苦减半。194. When you long for something sincerely, the whole world will help you. 当你真心渴望某样东西时，全部宇宙都会来帮忙。echanical things.” “I wasn’t that into fixing cars,” Jobs admitted. “But I was eager to hang out with my dad.” Even as he was growing more aware that he had been adopted, he was becoming more attached to his father. One day when he was about eight, he discovered a photograph of his father from his time in the Coast Guard. “He’s in the engine room, and he’s got his shirt off and looks like James Dean. It was one of those Oh wow moments for a kid. Wow, oooh, my parents were actually once very young and really good-looking.” Through cars, his father gave Steve his first exposure to electronics. “My dad did not have a deep understanding of electronics, but he’d encountered it a lot in automobiles and other things he would fix. He showed me the rudiments of electronics, and I got very interested in that.” Even more interesting were the trips to scavenge for parts. “Every weekend, there’d be a junkyard trip. We’d be looking for a generator, a carburetor, all sorts of components.” He remembered watching his father negotiate at the counter. “He was a good bargainer, because he knew better than the guys at the counter what the parts should cost.” This helped fulfill the pledge his parents made when he was adopted. “My college fund came from my dad paying $50 for a Ford Falcon or some other beat-up car that didn’t run, working on it for a few weeks, and selling it for $250—and not telling the IRS.” The Jobses’ house and the others in their neighborhood were built by the real estate developer Joseph Eichler, whose company spawned more than eleven thousand homes in various California subdivisions between 1950 and 1974. Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision of simple modern homes for the American “everyman,” Eichler built inexpensive houses that featured floor-to-ceiling glass walls, open floor plans, exposed post-and-beam construction, concrete slab floors, and lots of sliding glass doors. “Eichler did a great thing,” Jobs said on one of our walks around the neighborhood. “His houses were smart and cheap and good. They brought clean design and simple taste to lower-income people. They had awesome little features, like radiant heating in the floors. You put carpet on them, and we had nice toasty floors when we were kids.” Jobs said that his appreciation for Eichler homes instilled in him a passion for making nicely designed products for the mass market. “I love it when you can bring really great design and simple capability to something that doesn’t cost much,” he said as he pointed out the clean elegance of the houses. “It was the original vision for Apple. That’s what we tried to do with the first Mac. That’s what we did with the iPod.” Across the street from the Jobs family lived a man who had become successful as a real estate agent. “He wasn’t that bright,” Jobs recalled, “but he seemed to be making a fortune. So my dad thought, ‘I can do that.’ He worked so hard, I remember. He took these night classes, passed the license test, and got into real estate. Then the bottom fell out of the market.” As a result, the family found itself financially strapped for a year or so while Steve was in elementary school. His mother took a job as a bookkeeper for Varian Associates, a company that made scientific instruments, and they took out a second mortgage. One day his fourth-grade teacher asked him, “What is it you don’t understand about the universe?” Jobs replied, “I don’t understand why all of a sudden my dad is so broke.” He was proud that his father never adopted a servile attitude or slick style that may have made him a better salesman. “You had to suck up to people to sell real estate, and he wasn’t good at that and it wasn’t in his nature. I admired him for that.” Paul Jobs went back to being a mechanic. His father was calm and gentle, traits that his son later praised more than emulated. He was also resolute. Jobs described one exampl What made the neighborhood different from the thousands of other spindly-tree subdivisions across America was that even the ne’er-do-wells tended to be engineers. “When we moved here, there were apricot and plum orchards on all of these corners,” Jobs recalled. “But it was beginning to boom because of military investment.” He soaked up the history of the valley and developed a yearning to play his own role. Edwin Land of Polaroid later told him about being asked by Eisenhower to help build the U⑵ spy plane cameras to see how real the Soviet threat was. The film was dropped in canisters and returned to the NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, not far from where Jobs lived. “The first computer terminal I ever saw was when my dad brought me to the Ames Center,” he said. “I fell totally in love with it.” Other defense contractors sprouted nearby during the 1950s. The Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, which built submarine-launched ballistic missiles, was founded in 1956 next to the NASA Center; by the time Jobs moved to the area four years later, it employed twenty thousand people. A few hundred yards away, Westinghouse built facilities that produced tubes and electrical transformers for the missile systems. “You had all these military companies on the cutting edge,” he recalled. “It was mysterious and high-tech and made living here very exciting.” In the wake of the defense industries there arose a booming economy based on technology. Its roots stretched back to 1938, when David Packard and his new wife moved into a house in Palo Alto that had a shed where his friend Bill Hewlett was soon ensconced. The house had a garage—an appendage that would prove both useful and iconic in the valley—in which they tinkered around until they had their first product, an audio oscillator. By the 1950s, Hewlett-Packard was a fast-growing company making technical instruments. Fortunately there was a place nearby for entrepreneurs who had outgrown their garages. In a move that would help transform the area into the cradle of the tech revolution, Stanford University’s dean of engineering, Frederick Terman, created a seven-hundred-acre industrial park on university land for private companies that could commercialize the ideas of his students. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, where Clara Jobs worked. “Terman came up with this great idea that did more than anything to cause the tech industry to grow up here,” Jobs said. By the time Jobs was ten, HP had nine thousand employees and was the blue-chip company where every engineer seeking financial stability wanted to work. The most important technology for the region’s growth was, of course, the semiconductor. William Shockley, who had been one of the inventors of the transistor at Bell Labs in New Jersey, moved out to Mountain View and, in 1956, started a company to build transistors using silicon rather than the more expensive germanium that was then commonly used. But Shockley became increasingly erratic and abandoned his silicon transistor project, which led eight of his engineers—most notably Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore—to break away to form Fairchild Semiconductor. That company grew to twelve thousand employees, but it fragmented in 1968, when Noyce lost a power struggle to become CEO. He took Gordon Moore and founded a company that they called Integrated Electronics Corporation, which they soon smartly abbreviated to Intel. Their third employee was Andrew Grove, who later would grow the company by shifting its focus from memory chips to microprocessors. Within a few years there would be more than fifty companies in the area making semiconductors. The exponential growth of this industry was correlated with the phenomenon famously discovered by Moore, who in 1965 drew a graph of the speed of integrated circuits, based on the number of transistors that could be placed on a chip, and showed that it doubled about every two years, a trajectory that could be expected to continue. This was reaffirmed in 1971, when Intel was able to etch a complete central processing unit onto one chip, the Intel 4004, tronic amplifier. “So I raced home, and I told my dad that he was wrong.” “No, it needs an amplifier,” his father assured him. When Steve protested otherwise, his father said he was crazy. “It can’t work without an amplifier. There’s some trick.” “I kept saying no to my dad, telling him he had to see it, and finally he actually walked down with me and saw it. And he said, ‘Well I’ll be a bat out of hell.’” Jobs recalled the incident vividly because it was his first realization that his father did not know everything. Then a more disconcerting discovery began to dawn on him: He was smarter than his parents. He had always admired his father’s competence and savvy. “He was not an educated man, but I had always thought he was pretty damn smart. He didn’t read much, but he could do a lot. Almost everything mechanical, he could figure it out.” Yet the carbon microphone incident, Jobs said, began a jarring process of realizing that he was in fact more clever and quick than his parents. “It was a very big moment that’s burned into my mind. When I realized that I was smarter than my parents, I felt tremendous shame for having thought that. I will never forget that moment.” This discovery, he later told friends, along with the fact that he was adopted, made him feel apart—detached and separate—from both his family and the world. Another layer of awareness occurred soon after. Not only did he discover that he was brighter than his parents, but he discovered that they knew this. Paul and Clara Jobs were loving parents, and they were willing to adapt their lives to suit a son who was very smart—and also willful. They would go to great lengths to accommodate him. And soon Steve discovered this fact as well. “Both my parents got me. They felt a lot of responsibility once they sensed that I was special. They found ways to keep feeding me stuff and putting me in better schools. They were willing to defer to my needs.” So he grew up not only with a sense of having once been abandoned, but also with a sense that he was special. In his own mind, that was more important in the formation of his personality. School Even before Jobs started elementary school, his mother had taught him how to read. This, however, led to some problems once he got to school. “I was kind of bored for the first few years 在这类情况下，俄罗斯和欧洲正兴修一条新的天然气运输管道，这就是北溪⑵项目，这个项目全长1224千米，从俄罗斯穿过波罗的海，将天然气运输到德国和其它国家，欧洲很多国家都参与了这条管道项目的建设，毕竟这是欧洲国家的民生工程。一旦这条管道建设完成，可以为欧洲提供每一年330亿立方米的天然气，可以满足欧洲对天然气十分之一的需求，这可是非常大的。它是气态行星没有实体表面，由90%的氢和10%的氦（原子数之比, 75/25%的质量比）及微量的甲烷、水、氨水和“石头”组成。这与构成全部太阳系的原始的太阳系星云的组成十分类似。木星可能有一个石质的内核，相当于10－15个地球的质量。内核上则是大部份的行星物资集结地，以液态氢的情势存在。液态金属氢由离子化的质子与电子组成（类似于太阳的内部，不过温度低多了）。木星共有67颗木卫。按距离木星中心由近及远的次序为：木卫十六、木卫十四、木卫五、木卫十五、木卫一、木卫二、木卫三、木卫四、木卫十三、木卫六、木卫十、木卫七、木卫十二、木卫十一、木卫八和木卫九。[46] 水星是最接近太阳的行星。水星的半径约为2440千米，在八大行星中是最小的。水星昼夜温差极大，白天摄氏 430 度，晚上约可达零下170 度，是太阳系八大行星中温差最大的一个行星。[47] 水星的外大气层非常淡薄，是由水星表面和太阳风中的原子和离子构成。[48] 科学家确认水星表面含有丰富的碳，认为碳是水星表面呈黑色的缘由，水星表面的岩石是由低重量百分比的石墨碳构成。[49] “好奇号”火星探测器在火星表面收集样本 “好奇号”火星探测器在火星表面收集样本 [50] 火星是地球的近邻，是太阳系由内往外数第四颗行星。直径6794km，体积为地球的15%，质量为地球的11%。火星表面是一个荒凉的世界，空气中二氧化碳占了95%。火星大气十分淡薄，密度还不到地球大气的1%，因此根本没法保存热量。这致使火星表面温度极低，很少超过0℃，在夜晚，最低温度则可到达⑴23℃。火星被称为红色的行星，这是由于它表面布满了氧化物，因此显现出铁锈红色。其表面的大部份地区都是含有大量的红色氧化物的大沙漠，还有赭色的砾石地和凝固的熔岩流。火星上常常有猛烈的大风，大风扬起沙尘能构成可以覆盖火星全球的特大型沙尘暴。每次沙尘暴可延续数个星期。火星两极的冰冠和火星大气中含有水分。从火星表面取得的探测数据证明，在远古时期八颗行星，直径49532千米。海王星绕太阳运转的轨道半径为45亿千米，公转一周需要165年。海王星的直径和天王星类似，质量比天王星略大一些。海王星和天王星的主要大气成份都是氢和氦，内部结构也极其相近，所以说海王星与天王星是一对孪生兄弟。[55] 海王星有太阳系最强烈的风，丈量到的时速高达2100千米。海王星云顶的温度是－218 °C，是太阳系最冷的地区之一。海王星核心的温度约为7000 °C，可以和太阳的表面比较。海王星在1846年9月23日被发现，是唯一利用数学预测而非有计划的观测发现的行星。[56] 冥王星，位于海王星之外的柯伊伯带内侧，是柯伊伯带中已知的最大天体。[57] 直径约为2370±20km，是地球直径的18.5%。[58] 2006年8月24日，国际天文学联合会大会24日投票决定，不再将传统九大行星之一的冥王星视为行星，而将其列入“矮行星”。大会通过的决议规定，“行星”指的是围绕太阳运转、本身引力足以克服其刚体力而使天体呈圆球状、能够清除其轨道附近其他物体的天体。在太阳系传统的“九大行星”中，只有水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星符合这些要求。冥王星由于其轨道与海王星的轨道相交，不符合新的行星定义，因此被自动降级为“矮行星”。[59] 冥王星的表面温度大概在⑵38到⑵28℃之间。冥王星的成分由70%岩石和30%冰水混合而成的。地表上光亮的部份可能覆盖着一些固体氮和少许 卫星拍月球经过地球，可见清晰月球背面 卫星拍月球经过地球，可见清晰月球背面 [60] 的固体甲烷和一氧化碳，冥王星表面的黑暗部份多是一些基本的有机物资或是由宇宙射线引发的光化学反应。冥王星的大气层主要由氮和少许的一氧化碳及甲烷组成。大气极为淡薄，地面压强只有少许微帕。[61] 地球是离太阳第三颗行星，是我们人类的故乡，虽然地球是太阳系中一颗普通的行星，但它在许多方面都是唯一无二的。比如，它是太阳系中唯逐一颗面积大部份被水覆盖的行星，也是目前所知唯逐一颗有生命存在的星球。质量M=5.9742 ×10^24 千克，表面温度：t = - 30 ～ +45。[62] 英国科研人员在《天体生物学》杂志上报告说，如果没有小行星撞击等可能剧烈改变环境的事件产生，地球适合人类居住的时间还剩约17.5亿年，不过人为酿成的气候变化可能缩短这一时间。[63] 彗星是由灰尘和冰块组成的太阳系中的一类小天体，绕日运动。[64] 科学家使用探测器对彗星的化学遗留物进行分析，发现其主要成分为氨、甲烷、硫化氢、氰化氢和甲醛。科学家得出结论称，彗星的气味闻起来像是臭鸡蛋、马尿、酒精和苦杏仁的气味综合。[65⑹6] “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 [67] 在太阳系的周围还包裹着一个庞大的“奥尔特云”。星云内散布着不计其数的冰块、雪团和碎石。其中的某些会受太阳引力影响飞入内太阳系，这学说，在原本的轨道（或称小天体轨道）上又增加了更多的天体运行轨道。这一模式称每颗行星都沿着一个小轨道作圆周运行，而小轨道又沿着该行星的大轨道绕地球作圆周运动。几百年以后，这一模式的漏洞愈来愈明显。科学家们又在这个模式上增加了许多轨道，行星就这样沿着一道又一道的轨道作圆周运动。哥白尼想用“现代”（16世纪的）技术来改进托勒密的丈量结果，以期取消一些小轨道。在长达近20年的时间里，哥白尼不辞辛劳昼夜丈量行星的位置，但其丈量取得的结果依然与托勒密的天体运行模式没有多少差别。哥白尼想知道在另外一个运行着的行星上视察这些行星的运行情况会是甚么样的。基于这类假想，哥白尼萌生了一个动机：假设地球在运行中，那末这些行星的运行看上去会是甚么情况呢？这一假想在他脑海里变得清晰起来了。一年里，哥白尼在区分的时间、区分的距离从地球上视察行星，每个行星的情况都不相同，这是他意想到地球不可能位于星星轨道的中心。经过20年的观测，哥白尼发现惟独太阳的周年变化不明显。这意味着地球和太阳的距离始终没有改变。如果地球不是宇宙的中心，那末宇宙的中心就是太阳。的发现才使牛顿有能力肯定运动定律和万有引力定律。哥白尼的日心宇宙体系既然是时期的产物，它就不能不遭到时期的限制。反对神学的不完全性，同时表现在哥白尼的某些观点上，他的体系是存在缺点的。哥白尼所指的宇宙是局限在一个小的范围内的，具体来讲，他的宇宙结构就是今天我们所熟知的太阳系，即以太阳为中心的天体系统。宇宙既然有它的中心，就一定要有它的边界，哥白尼虽然否定了托勒玫的“九重天”，但他却保存了一层恒星天，虽然他躲避了宇宙是否是有限这个问题，但实际上他是相信恒星天球是宇宙的“外壳”，他依然相信天体只能依照所谓完善的圆形轨道运动，所以哥白尼的宇宙体系，依然包括着不动的中心天体。但是作为近代自然科学的奠基人，哥白尼的历史功绩是伟大的。确认地球不是宇宙的中心，而是行星之一，从而掀起了一场天文学上根本性的革命，是人类探求客观真谛道路上的里程碑。哥白尼的伟大成绩，不但铺平了通向近代天文学的道路，而且首创了全部自然界科学向前迈进的新时期。从哥白尼时期起，脱离教会束缚的自然科学和哲学开始取得奔腾的发展。哥白尼的科学成绩，是他所处时期的产物，又转过来推动了时期的发展。顺应时期变化 十五、六世纪的欧洲，正是从封建社会向资本主义社会转变的关键时期，在这一二百年间，社会产生了巨大的变化。14世纪之前的欧洲，到处是支离破碎的小城邦。后来，随着城市工商业的兴起，特别是采矿和冶金业的发展，出现了许多新兴的大城市，小城邦有了联合起来组成国家的趋势。到 15世纪末叶，在许多国家里都出现了基本上是中央集权的君主政体。当时的波兰不但有像克拉科夫、波兹南这样的大城市，也有许多手工业昌盛的城
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